Identifying cases of heroin toxicity where 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM) is not detected by toxicological analyses

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Identifying cases of heroin toxicity where 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM) is not detected by toxicological analyses

PURPOSE Heroin has a half-life of 2-6 min and is metabolized too quickly to be detected in autopsy samples. The presence of 6-acetylmophine (6-AM) in urine, blood, or other samples is convincing evidence of heroin use by a decedent, but 6-AM itself has a half-life of 6-25 min before it is hydrolyzed to morphine, so 6-AM may not be present in sufficient concentration to detect in postmortem samp...

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Opiate testing is one of the most frequently requested assays in the death investigation of suspected drug overdoses. Screening assays typically target morphine, whereas more specific assays are able to positively identify and quantitate the particular opiate present in the specimen. Because many opiates are metabolized to morphine, it is often desirable to differentiate heroin-related deaths f...

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Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling is implied in opioid reinforcement, reward, and withdrawal. Here, we explored whether TLR4 signaling is involved in the acute psychomotor-stimulating effects of heroin, 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM), and morphine as well as whether there are differences between the three opioids regarding TLR4 signaling. To address this, we examined how pretreatment with (+)-nalo...

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ژورنال

عنوان ژورنال: Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology

سال: 2016

ISSN: 1547-769X,1556-2891

DOI: 10.1007/s12024-016-9780-2